Country Profiles Global Forest Watch. Convention on Biological Diversity CBDThe Convention on Biological Diversity was launched on 2. December 1. 99. 3. Its three main objectives are to conserve biological diversity, sustainably use the components of biological diversity, and fairly and equitably share the benefits resulting from the use of genetic resources. Terms. All termsratification, accession, approval, and acceptancesignify a states consent to be bound by a treaty. The legal incidents and implications of ratification, accession, approval, and acceptance are the same. The treaty becomes legally binding on the state or the regional economic integration organization. Countries that have not ratified the treaty are identified as Non Parties. Ratification and Accession. Ratification and accession have the same legal effect. The main distinction concerns when a state accepts the offer or the opportunity to become a party to a treaty. Only states that have signed a treaty, while it was open for signature, can proceed to ratify it. The signature does not establish consent to be bound, hence the need for ratification. Accession is the act whereby a state becomes a party to a treaty that has already been negotiated and signed by other states. Acceptance and Approval. Data Lidar Indonesia Map' title='Data Lidar Indonesia Map' />The terms acceptance and approval originated more recently and apply under the same conditions as those for ratification. The legal effect is the same as ratification. The use of one term or the other results from differences in legal systems. Certain countries, especially some East European states, use the terms acceptance or approval for participation in treaties. The terms are also used when organizations e. Hans_Dieter_Boehm/publication/260581037/figure/fig1/AS:392465648504839@1470582510687/Fig-1-LiDAR-survey-of-peat-swamp-forest-near-river-Sabangau-Kalimantan-Indonesia-a.jpg' alt='Data Lidar Indonesia Map' title='Data Lidar Indonesia Map' />Climate Central has created an interactive, zipsearchable map of the U. S. to show the local consequences of high vs. These data represent the bare earth elevation of the terrain surface without vegetation and artificial features. EU rather than states become parties to an international treaty. Succession. Succession occurs when one state replaces another in the responsibility for the international relations of a territory. Generally, a newly independent state that issues a notification of succession is considered a party to a treaty from the date of the succession of states or from the date of entry into force of the treaty, whichever is later. Citation CBD, 2. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNFCCCThe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was negotiated at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 1. June 1. 99. 2 and entered into force on 2. March 1. 99. 3. The treatys main goal is the stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Terms. The convention divides countries into three main groups based on their commitments. Annex 1 Parties. Industrialized countries that were members of the Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development OECD in 1. EIT Parties, such as the Russian Federation, the Baltic states, and several Central and Eastern European states. Annex II Parties. OECD members of Annex I but not the EIT Parties. Annex II Parties are required to provide financial resources to enable developing countries to undertake emissions reduction activities under the convention and to help them adapt to effects of climate change. NonAnnex I Parties. Mostly developing countries that are recognized by the convention as being particularly vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change andor the potential economic impacts of climate change response measures. Data Lidar Indonesia Map' title='Data Lidar Indonesia Map' />This video is an overview of the Phoenix Aerial AL316 LiDAR Mapping system. The AL316 can be mounted on any UAV that can lift 2. In this video, a. Citation UNFCCC, 2. Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 1. December 1. 99. 7 and entered into force on 1. February 2. 00. 5. It is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that sets internationally binding emission reduction targets for its parties. Terms. Ratification and Accession. Ratification and accession have the same legal effect. The main distinction concerns when a state accepts the offer or the opportunity to become a party to a treaty. Only states that have signed a treaty, while it was open for signature, can proceed to ratify it. The signature does not establish consent to be bound, hence the need for ratification. Accession is the act whereby a state becomes a party to a treaty that has already been negotiated and signed by other states. Citation UNFCCC, 2. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification UNCCDThe United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification was adopted on 1. June 1. 99. 4 and entered into force in December 1. The Convention aims to combat desertification and to mitigate the effects of drought. Terms. Ratification and Accession. Ratification and accession have the same legal effect. The main distinction concerns when a state accepts the offer or the opportunity to become a party to a treaty. Only states that have signed a treaty, while it was open for signature, can proceed to ratify it. The signature does not establish consent to be bound, hence the need for ratification. Accession is the act whereby a state becomes a party to a treaty that has already been negotiated and signed by other states. Citation UNCCD, 2. International Tropical Timber Agreement ITTAThe International Tropical Timber Agreement entered into force on 7 December 2. The agreement aims to promote the expansion and diversification of international trade in tropical timber from sustainably managed and legally harvested forests and to promote the sustainable management of tropical timber producing forests. Terms. Members of the ITTA have consented to be bound by this agreement. Producer members are those situated between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn with tropical forest resources andor a net export of tropical timber. Consumer members are those that import tropical timber. Citation ITTO, 2. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITESThe Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora is an international agreement that aims to ensure that international trade of wild plants and animals does not threaten their survival. Terms. All termsratification, accession, approval, and acceptancesignify a states consent to be bound by a treaty. The legal incidents and implications of ratification, accession, approval, and acceptance are the same. The treaty becomes legally binding on the state or the regional economic integration organization. Countries that have not ratified the treaty are identified as Non Parties. Ratification and Accession. Ratification and accession have the same legal effect. The main distinction concerns when a state accepts the offer or the opportunity to become a party to a treaty. Only states that have signed a treaty, while it was open for signature, can proceed to ratify it. The signature does not establish consent to be bound, hence the need for ratification. Accession is the act whereby a state becomes a party to a treaty that has already been negotiated and signed by other states. Acceptance and Approval. The terms acceptance and approval originated more recently and apply under the same conditions as those for ratification. The legal effect is the same as ratification. The use of one term or the other results from differences in legal systems. Certain countries, especially some East European states, use the terms acceptance or approval for participation in treaties. The terms are also used when organizations rather than states become parties to an international treaty for example, the EU. Lidar Wikipdia. FASOR, lidar fluorescence exprimental utilis pour sonder la densit de la haute atmosphre en excitant les atomes de sodium. La tldtection par laser ou lidar, acronyme de lexpression en langue anglaise  light detection and ranging  ou  laser detection and ranging  soit en franais  dtection et estimation de la distance par laser ou rayon lumineux , est une technique de mesure distance fonde sur lanalyse des proprits dun faisceau de lumire renvoy vers son metteur. Celle ci est quasiment toujours issue dun laser, et donc cohrente. Le principe de la tlmtrie dtermination de la distance dun objet, qui concerne une grande partie des applications du lidar, requiert gnralement lutilisation dun laser impulsionnel. La distance est donne par la mesure du dlai entre lmission dune impulsion et la dtection dune impulsion rflchie, connaissant la vitesse de la lumire. Une autre classe dapplications bases sur la mesure de vitesse emploie un laser spectre dmission fin une frquence bien dtermine. Cest leffet Doppler Fizeau, soit le dcalage de la frquence de londe rflchie et reue, qui permet alors de dterminer la vitesse de lobjet. Dans latmosphre et les autres milieux diffus, beaucoup dautres paramtres concentrations de gaz et de particules spcifiques, densit, temprature peuvent tre mesurs si lon sait isoler leffet des diffrentes interactions entre la lumire et la matire le long du faisceau laser. Le lidar, instrument incontournable de tldtection active1, trouve ses applications en topographie2 gomorphologie, altimtrie et bathymtrie, gosciences risque sismique3,4, mtorologie5, physique de latmosphre6 et sciences de lenvironnement tude de la pollution atmosphrique7, agronomie sylviculture8, mais aussi dans larchologie9, la prospection olienne1. Deux lidars monts sur des tlescopes tentent de mesurer la distance Terre Lune en visant les rtro rflecteurs dposs sur la Lune par les missions Apollo. Peu aprs leur invention au dbut des annes 1. Thodore Maiman sont exploits pour la tlmtrie fine grande distance. Aux tats Unis, Smullin et Fiocco du MIT les emploient pour mesurer prcisment la distance Terre Lune en mai 1. Project Luna See1. Goyer et Watson du NCAR les appliquent paralllement la mesure de la hauteur des nuages1. Ils appellent leur systme  radar optique  optical radar. Lutilit et la prcision des systmes lidar deviennent connus du grand public en 1. Apollo 1. 51. 7, qui cartographie la Lune laide dun altimtre laser. Alors que le mot lidar avait originellement t cr par lassemblage de  light  et  radar 1. Light Detection And Ranging  ou  Laser Imaging Detection And Ranging , linstar de radar ou sonar. Le terme lidar couvre une trs grande varit de systmes de mesure distance par laser. Mais ces systmes sont parfois dsigns autrement. Actuellement, on trouve encore lacronyme  LADAR  LAser Detection And Ranging, qui est plutt utilis dans le domaine militaire sur des cibles dures ou dans la littrature anglo saxonne1. On trouve galement lacronyme  ALSM  Airborne Laser Swath Mapping2. En franais, lexpression  radar laser  est improprement employe par analogie, surtout pour les jumelles de contrle de vitesse en scurit routire1. Alors que le terme radar nest souvent plus trait comme un acronyme il nest pas crit en lettres majuscules et saccorde au pluriel, la dnomination de son quivalent optique ne fait lobjet daucun consensus. Si bien que lon peut trouver dans diffrentes publications de rfrence, parfois mme dans le mme document,  LIDAR ,  lidar ,  Lidar  ou  Li. Da. R . De manire gnrale, le fonctionnement du lidar ressemble celui du radar bas sur lcholocation, la diffrence tant le domaine spectral des ondes lectromagntiques employes. Alors que le radar fonctionne dans le domaine des micro ondes frquences de 1 1. GHz, longueurs donde millimtriques et centimtriques, le lidar est fond sur des lasers rayonnant dans le domaine infrarouge, le domaine visible ou le domaine ultraviolet proche frquences au del de 1. THz, longueurs dondes de 2. Dans les deux cas, londe lectromagntique mise est cohrente et polarise. Mais dans le domaine spectral visible, elle est beaucoup plus directive et elle peut interagir avec des objets de taille microscopique. Principe de lcholocation. Un lidar est un systme opto lectronique compos dun metteur laser, dun rcepteur comprenant un collecteur de lumire tlescope ou autre optique et un photodtecteur qui transforme la lumire en signal lectrique, ainsi que dune chane lectronique de traitement du signal qui extrait linformation recherche. Schma gnral dun systme lidar et du principe de la mesure. Noter que lmission et la rception peuvent utiliser la mme optique. Except courte porte moins dun kilomtre, afin de capter un signal suffisamment fort, il est ncessaire dutiliser  un laser de forte puissance moyenne typiquement suprieure 1. W. Ceci doit tre concili avec les exigences de scurit oculaire dans les applications proches du sol  la slection de longueurs dondes hors du domaine de transparence de la corne de lil 4. Dautre part, un filtrage de la lumire reue est indispensable pour saffranchir de la lumire de lenvironnement, qui constitue un fort parasite. On filtre le plus souvent la fois  spatialement, en limitant le champ de vision de loptique de rception troitement autour du faisceau laser, laide dun diaphragme de champ si ncessaire,spectralement, laide dun filtre ne laissant passer quune gamme troite autour de la longueur donde du laser ou dun interfromtre. Par opposition cette dtection dite  directe , il existe des lidars dtection dite  cohrente  etou  htrodyne , identique celle du radar. Dans ce cas, on effectue la rception un mlange entre londe lumineuse reue et une partie de londe mise, qui a t dcale dune frquence connue, par exemple par un modulateur acousto optique onde dite  doscillateur local . Linterfrence de ces deux ondes gnre un terme oscillant autour de cette frquence dans le signal de sortie du photodtecteur, en plus des termes proportionnels la puissance reue et la puissance doscillateur local. En filtrant lectroniquement le signal dans une bande troite autour de la frquence en question, on obtient un signal dit  htrodyne . Lidar dtection cohrente htrodyne. Avec P la puissance et la phase, R dsignant londe reue et OL dsignant loscillateur local, on a  ItPOLPR2. PRPOLcosRtOLtSignal htrodyne frquence f. Bmw Navigation Firmware Update V32 Google more. Vrdisplaystyle Itpropto POLPRunderbrace 2sqrt PRPOLcosphi Rt phi OLt textSignal htrodyne frquence Delta f02. Vrlambda o f. Vr est la vitesse radiale de la cible et la longueur donde du laser. Ce procd a plusieurs intrts  le mlange interfromtrique multiplie lamplitude du signal utile, liminant le besoin dun photodtecteur ultra sensible. MHz, soit environ 1.