Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Wikipedia. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. FRSPV1   listen 1. October 1. 91. 0 2. August 1. 99. 5,3 was an Indian Americanastrophysicist who spent his professional life in the United States. He was awarded the 1. Nobel Prize for Physics with William A. Fowler for. theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars. His mathematical treatment of stellar evolution yielded many of the best current theoretical models of the later evolutionary stages of massive stars and black holes. The Chandrasekhar limit is named after him. Chandrasekhar worked on a wide variety of physical problems in his lifetime, contributing to the contemporary understanding of stellar structure, white dwarfs, stellar dynamics, stochastic process, radiative transfer, the quantum theory of the hydrogen anion, hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability, turbulence, equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, general relativity, mathematical theory of black holes and theory of colliding gravitational waves. At the University of Cambridge, he developed a theoretical model explaining the structure of white dwarf stars that took into account the relativistic variation of mass with the velocities of electrons that comprise their degenerate matter. He showed that the mass of a white dwarf could not exceed 1. Sun the Chandrasekhar limit. Chandrasekhar revised the models of stellar dynamics first outlined by Jan Oort and others by considering the effects of fluctuating gravitational fields within the Milky Way on stars rotating about the galactic centre. His solution to this complex dynamical problem involved a set of twenty partial differential equations, describing a new quantity he termed dynamical friction, which has the dual effects of decelerating the star and helping to stabilize clusters of stars. Chandrasekhar extended this analysis to the interstellar medium, showing that clouds of galactic gas and dust are distributed very unevenly. Chandrasekhar studied at Presidency College, Madras now Chennai and the University of Cambridge. A long time professor at the University of Chicago, he did some of his studies at the Yerkes Observatory, and served as editor of The Astrophysical Journal from 1. He was on the faculty at Chicago from 1. Morton D. Hull Distinguished Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics. Chandrasekhar married Lalitha Doraiswamy in September 1. He had met her as a fellow student at Presidency College, Madras. Chandrasekhar was the nephew of C. V. Raman, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1. He became a naturalized citizen of the U. S. in 1. 95. 3. Others considered him as warm, positive, generous, unassuming, meticulous, and open to debate, as well as private, intimidating, impatient, and stubborn regarding non scientific matters,4 and unforgiving to those who ridiculed his work. Early life and educationeditChandrasekhar was born on 1. October 1. 91. 0 in Lahore, Punjab, British India now Pakistan in a Brahmin family, to Sitalakshmi Divan Bahadur Balakrishnan 1. Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar 1. Lahore as Deputy Auditor General of the Northwestern Railways at the time of Chandrasekhars birth. He had two elder sisters, Rajalakshmi and Balaparvathi, three younger brothers, Vishwanathan, Balakrishnan, and Ramanathan and four younger sisters, Sarada, Vidya, Savitri, and Sundari. Program Mastering C Venugopal Pdf File' title='Program Mastering C Venugopal Pdf File' />His paternal uncle was the Indian physicist and Nobel laureate C. V. Raman. His mother was devoted to intellectual pursuits, had translated Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House into Tamil and is credited with arousing Chandras intellectual curiosity at an early age1. The family moved from Lahore to Allahabad in 1. Madras in 1. 91. 8. Chandrasekhar was tutored at home until the age of 1. BT 212 Genetics Text books 1. Concepts of Genetics By W. S. Klug, M. R. Cummings, M. A. Palladino C. A. Spencer and C. Spencer. Publisher BenjaminCummings Pub Co. Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar FRS PV t n d r e k r listen 19 October 1910 21 August 1995, was an Indian American astrophysicist who. List of freely available programming books Ada, Assembly, Basic, C, C, C, CGI, JavaScript, Perl, Delphi, Pascal, Haskell, Java, Lisp, PHP, Prolog, Python, Ruby. The class A serves as a base class for the derived class B, which in turn serves as a base class for the derived class C. The class B is known as intermediate base. In middle school his father would teach him Mathematics and Physics and his mother would teach him Tamil. He later attended the Hindu High School, Triplicane, Madras during the years 1. Subsequently, he studied at Presidency College, Madras from 1. The Compton Scattering and the New Statistics, in 1. Arnold Sommerfeld. Installing Merge Modules more. He obtained his bachelors degree, B. Sc. Hon., in physics, in June 1. In July 1. 93. 0, Chandrasekhar was awarded a Government of India scholarship to pursue graduate studies at the University of Cambridge, where he was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, secured by R. H. Fowler with whom he communicated his first paper. During his travels to England, Chandrasekhar spent his time working out the statistical mechanics of the degenerate electron gas in white dwarf stars, providing relativistic corrections to Fowlers previous work see Legacy below. In his first year at Cambridge, as a research student of Fowler, Chandrasekhar spent his time calculating mean opacities and applying his results to the construction of an improved model for the limiting mass of the degenerate star. At the meetings of the Royal Astronomical Society, he met E. A. Milne. At the invitation of Max Born he spent the summer of 1. Borns institute at Gttingen, working on opacities, atomic absorption coefficients, and model stellar photospheres. On the advice of P. A. M. Dirac, he spent his final year of graduate studies at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen, where he met Niels Bohr. After receiving a bronze medal for his work on degenerate stars, in the summer of 1. Chandrasekhar was awarded his Ph. D degree at Cambridge with a thesis among his four papers on rotating self gravitating polytropes, and the following October, he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College for the period 1. During this time, Chandrasekhar made acquaintance with British physicist Sir Arthur Eddington. In an infamous encounter at the Royal Astronomical Society in London in 1. Eddington publicly ridiculed the concept of the Chandrasekhar limit1. Although Eddington would later be proved wrong by computers and the first positive identification of a black hole in 1. Chandrasekhar to contemplate employment outside the UK. Later in life, on multiple occasions, Chandrasekhar expressed the view that Eddingtons behavior was in part racially motivated. Kiss Beyond The Makeup. Career and researcheditEarly careereditIn January 1. Chandrasekhar was recruited to the University of Chicago faculty as assistant professor by Otto Struve and President Robert Maynard Hutchins. He was to remain at the university for his entire career, becoming Morton D. Hull Distinguished Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics in 1. In 1. 95. 3, he and his wife took American citizenship. Famously, Chandrasekhar declined many offers from other universities, including one to succeed Henry Norris Russell, the preeminent American astronomer, as director of the Princeton University Observatory. Chandrasekhar did some work at Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, which was run by the University of Chicago. After the Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research LASR was built by NASA in 1. University, Chandrasekhar occupied one of the four corner offices on the second floor. The other corners housed John A. Simpson, Peter Meyer, and Eugene N. Parker. Chandrasekhar lived at 4. Lake Shore Drive after the high rise apartment complex was built in the late 1. Dorchester Building. World War IIeditDuring World War II, Chandrasekhar worked at the Ballistic Research Laboratory at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland. Inheritance object oriented programming Wikipedia. In object oriented programming, inheritance is when an object or class is based on another object prototypal inheritance or class class based inheritance, using the same implementation. Inheritance in most class based object oriented languages is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of the parent object. Inheritance allows programmers to create classes that are built upon existing classes 1, to specify a new implementation to maintain the same behaviour realizing an interface, to reuse code and to independently extend original software via public classes and interfaces. The relationships of objects or classes through inheritance give rise to a directed graph. Contact Form In Html With Captcha Code Script. An inherited class is called a subclass of its parent class or super class. The term inheritance is loosely used for both class based and prototype based programming, but in narrow use is reserved for class based programming one class inherits from another, with the corresponding technique in prototype based programming being instead called delegation one object delegates to another. Inheritance should not be confused with subtyping. In some languages inheritance and subtyping agree,a whereas in others they differ in general, subtyping establishes an is a relationship, whereas inheritance only reuses implementation and establishes a syntactic relationship, not necessarily a semantic relationship inheritance does not ensure behavioral subtyping. To distinguish these concepts, subtyping is also known as interface inheritance, whereas inheritance as defined here is known as implementation inheritance or code inheritance. Still, inheritance is a commonly used mechanism for establishing subtype relationships. Inheritance is contrasted with object composition, where one object contains another object or objects of one class contain objects of another class see composition over inheritance. Composition implements a has a relationship, in contrast to the is a relationship of subtyping. HistoryeditInheritance was invented in 1. Simula. 6There are various types of inheritance, based on paradigm and specific language. Single inheritancewhere subclasses inherit the features of one superclass. A class acquires the properties of another class. Multiple inheritancewhere one class can have more than one superclass and inherit features from all parent classes. Multiple Inheritance object oriented programming was widely supposed to be very difficult to implement efficiently. For example, in a summary of C in his book on objective C Brd. Cox actually claimed that adding Multiple inheritance to C was impossible. Thus, multiple inheritance seemed more of a challenge. Since I had considered multiple inheritance as early as 1. I couldnt resist the challenge. I suspect this to be the only case in which fashion affected the sequence of events. In JDK 1. Java now has support for multiple inheritance8. Multilevel inheritancewhere a subclass is inherited from another subclass. It is not uncommon that a class is derived from another derived class as shown in the figure Multilevel inheritance. The class A serves as a base class for the derived class. B, which in turn serves as a base class for the derived class. C. The class B is known as intermediate base class because it provides a link for the inheritance between A and C. The chain ABC is known as inheritance path. A derived class with multilevel inheritance is declared as follows Class. A. Base class. Class. B public. A. B derived from AClass. C public. B. C derived from BThis process can be extended to any number of levels. Hierarchical inheritancewhere one class serves as a superclass base class for more than one sub class. Hybrid inheritancea mix of two or more of the above types of inheritance. Subclasses and superclasseseditA Subclass, derived class, heir class, or child class is a modular, derivative class that inherits one or more language entities from one or more other classes called superclass, base classes, or parent classes. The semantics of class inheritance vary from language to language, but commonly the subclass automatically inherits the instance variables and member functions of its superclasses. The general form of defining a derived class is classderived class name visibility modebase class name. The colon indicates that the derived class name is derived from the base class name. The visibility mode is optional and, if present, may be either private or public. The default visibility mode is private. Visibility mode specifies whether the features of the base class are privately derived or publicly derived. Some languages support the inheritance of other constructs also. For example, in Eiffel, contracts that define the specification of a class are also inherited by heirs. The superclass establishes a common interface and foundational functionality, which specialized subclasses can inherit, modify, and supplement. The software inherited by a subclass is considered reused in the subclass. A reference to an instance of a class may actually be referring to one of its subclasses. The actual class of the object being referenced is impossible to predict at compile time. A uniform interface is used to invoke the member functions of objects of a number of different classes. Subclass may replace superclass functions with entirely new functions that must share the same method signature. Uninheritable classeseditIn some languages a class may be declared as uninheritable by adding certain class modifiers to the class declaration. Examples include the final keyword in Java and C1. C. Such modifiers are added to the class declaration before the class keyword and the class identifier declaration. Such sealed classes restrict reusability, particularly when developers only have access to precompiled binaries and not source code. The sealed class has no subclasses, so it can be easily deduced at compile time that references or pointers to objects of that class are actually referencing instances of that class and not instances of subclasses they dont exist or instances of superclasses upcasting a reference type violates the type system. Because the exact type of the object being referenced is known before execution, early binding or static dispatch can be used instead of late binding also called dynamic dispatch or dynamic binding, which requires one or more virtual method table lookups depending on whether multiple inheritance or only single inheritance are supported in the programming language that is being used. Methods that cannot be overriddeneditJust as classes may be sealedfinalized method declarations may contain method modifiers that prevent the method from being overridden i. A private method is unoverridable simply because it is not accessible by classes other than the class it is a member function of this is not true for C, though. A final method in Java, a sealed method in C or a frozen feature in Eiffel cannot be overridden. Virtual methodseditIf the superclass method is a virtual method, then invocations of the superclass method will be dynamically dispatched. Some languages require methods to be specifically declared as virtual e. C and in others all methods are virtual e.